collapsing Democracy

                 मोदी का कहर चरमराता लोकतंत्र 

क्या मोदी लोकतंत्र के गले की फंस है ?

जिनके कहर से लोकतंत्र बुरी तरह से कराह रहा है  ?

भारतीय  मीडिया का  खबर को बाज़ार मे बेचना ही लछय है ,

समाज मे असुरछा की भावना प्रबल कर  सत्ता के साथ संतुलन बना कर पूंजी बाज़ार मे पकड मजबुत करना ? 

जो भी कारण  हो किन्तु  देश के अनुरुप व्यवहारिक कदाचित नही है । 

देश अर्थिक और सामरिक कई तरह की विपदाओं से दो चार है । सत्ताधारी सरकार पर सवालिया निशान है  ।समस्या को दबा देना या   टाल देना निराकरण नही ,अवश्मभवी   गंभीर चुनौती को निमंत्रण  है  ।

सरकारी समर्थन के नाम प्रसार  प्रसार संस्थानो द्वारा जनसमूह की अवहेलना सर्वथा अनिष्टकारी    है । 

सरकार के अनुरूप मिडिया पूरी तरह ढल चुकी है ,प्रपोगेंडा  चलन में  है ,जनता लोकतंत्र से नदारद है।

ब्रांड कैमपेनिंग मैनेग्मेंट(Brand campaigning Management ) वाले   ब्रान्डेड जुते चप्पल कपडे पहने उससे पहले अपनी सोच  भी तो  ब्रान्डेड  करे ,जिसे उसे भी  लगे किसी ब्रान्डेड सोच वाले ने पहन रखा है ।

 

ठीक है हर व्यक्ति का अपना कही ना कही व्यक्तिगत निजी निहित स्वार्थ होता है।रूलिंग गार्मेंट  से सीधा टकराव नही चहता है ।लेकिन  जागरुकता कर्तव्य बोध हर  व्यक्ति ,समाज में  अपने  देश के प्रती होना ही  चाहिये।मसला पछ और विपछ का नही है,  उनसे सवाल करेंगे भी तो क्या वे कभी उसका जबाब  देंगे ?

उनके पास कोई जबाब हो तो देंगे । वे स्वयं ही सवाल और जबाब है।  सही और गलत के चुनाव मे स्वछंद सरकार स्वात: को ही प्रमाणित करती है।

आप सही को सही गलत को गलत तभी कह पायेंगे जब आप स्वयं मे सही हो ,स्वयं कटघरे मे खडे होकर न्याय की कुर्शी पर  बैठे व्यक्ति से सवाल नही कर सकते करेंगे भी तो कोई लाभ नही होगा ।

निर्णय कर्ता यदि दोषी है तो जनता ही उसे कटघरे मे ला सकती  है। उसकी निरंकुश तानासाही आसक्ति पर रोक लगा सकती है ।

जनतंत्र मे जनता का प्रस्ताव अध्यादेश की तरह होना चाहिये, जो सरकार की निरंकुशता पे अंकुश लगाने केलिए बाध्य करे ।

सरकार को जब तक यह बोध नही होगा वह गलत है ।सही होने की सम्भावना  छीण  है ।सभ्य समाज के पुरोधा पत्रकार दुसमन मुल्को  की मिट्टी पलीद करने मे दिन रात एक कर देते है। लेकिन उन्हे यह दिखाई नही पड्ता ,उनके अनुसार उनसे अपेछाकृत कमतर  सोच वाले  अपने मुल्क के मसाईल ,अवाम के प्रती जागरुक है।दिन रात आपने वजीर को लताड़ा लगाते है।ये अलग बात है उनपर अलोचना का कोई असर होता नही ।किन्तु सहर्ष मन से स्वीकार की भावना होनी चाहिये।

 अपनी अछ्म्यताओ सीमाओ को जनता के सामने रखना चाहिये जो वे करते भी है ।यह सरकार की नैतिक जिम्मेदारी है ,कमी होना बुरी बात नहीं किन्तु उसे दूर करने का सार्थक प्रयाश होना चाहिए न की एक कमी को छुपाने केलिए सौ झूठ का सहारा लेना चाहिए ।

 सरकार को नैतिकता    का अह्सास  दिलाएगा कौन  ?मेरी बिल्ली  मुझी से म्याऊँ ,मेरा खाओ ,मुझि  को आंख दीखाओ । नही वो अपको अपनी कमाई से नही खिलाते किसी और का हक छीन कर आपको अपने   फायदे    केलिए इस्तेमाल करते है ।

 मीडिया को तात्कालिक फायदा तो होगा  ,जो समंदर मे कुछ बँद की तरह है,लेकिन सरकारी खजाना ना मीडिया का है ,ना सरकार का है ,जनता का है जो विकाश से वांछित है ।

कमाई वाले हाँथ ज्यादा होंगे तो फायदा भी ज्यादा होगा और सबका  होगा ।

इसके लिये ये ओछी  गले मे  पट्टा डालने की राजनीती से विलग होना पडेगा ।देश की खाओ,देश की बात करो  सायद सरकारी  कृपा से वांछित होजाओ,किन्तु आत्म उन्नति के मर्ग पे अंगे बढ चलोगे ।

सरकार को उसकी जिम्मेदारी के प्रति सचेत करे,यदि सरकार अलोचना को नजरअंदाज करती है ।जनता के पास जाये । सरकार देश केलिए है,देश सरकार केलिए नही है ।

 देश के समग्र विकाश   केलिए व्यापक परिवर्तन   की आवस्यकता है जो नौकरसाही राज मे सम्भव नही है ।

भविष्य मे यदि नौकर साही व्यवस्था  के स्थान पर अन्य व्यवस्था  लागू  की  जाएगी तो उस बदले हुए स्वरुप में  जनभागीदारी प्रमुखता से   होगी ।

                                                                                                                          ~धर्मेंद्र मिश्रा 

बिल्ली की हज यात्रा 'कहानी' Billi ki Haaz Yatra'

   

Short Hindi Story...                        

                                                        "बिल्ली की हज यात्रा ' कहानी '

सौ चूहे खाकर बिल्ली हज को चली,यह खबर हज देव

को पता चली।हज देव ने दूत भेजा ।दूत ने हज देव का सन्देशा कह सुनाया " जा पहले कुछ फजल करे ?"

बिल्ली बडी चतुर,चालाक थी,दुहाई देने लगी  "

बद किरदार हूँ हुजूर,खतावार ये जिस्मानी लिबास है,जिसने मुझ से ये गुनाह करवाये, रूहानी खुदा की निसबत मे ही रही ।

  दूत "तेरे लिबास बहुत दागदार है ,गुनाह की गर मुआफी चाहिए ये लिबास उतार फेंक ?

बद बख्त बिल्ली बिल बिलाने लगी"नही हुजूर कोई बीच का रस्ता अख्तियार करे ?

दूत "जिस्मानी भुँख जब तक नही मिटेगी,रूह ए पाक नही होगी ।

सातिर बिल्ली समझ गई,दाल नही गलने वाली"फिर तो मरे मेरे दुसमन,मै तो चली चूहे खाने ।

खुदा के दूत पर खुदा का करम था,उसने बिल्ली पर तरस खाया, हिदायत दी " ऐ नामकूल बिल्ली,

रूह ए पाक ,वही आब ए जमजम है । खुदा की खिद्मत मे हो,फजल से कभी महरूम न होगी  ।

बिल्ली  "क्या मेरे गुनाह मुआफ होंगे ?

दूत " बफात का हमवार हयात है,तू ऊसकी हिफाजत कर  ,जिन्दगानी  का जरिया बन ,मुस्ताक ए दीद कर ।

ये कहानी किसी भी प्रकार से किसी की धार्मिक भावना को आहत करने या बढावा देने के उद्देश से नही लिखी गाई है । इस रचना का उद्देश्य नेक नियत से मनुष्यता को दर्शाती है ।

story

story  inspirational story  life lesson  motivation story 

Dark Matter News -- ScienceDaily

As their name suggests, ultradiffuse galaxies, or UDGs, are dwarf galaxies whose stars are spread out over a vast region, resulting in extremely low surface brightness, making them very difficult to detect. An international team of astronomers reports it has used sophisticated simulations to detect a few 'quenched' UDGs in low-density environments in the universe. A quenched galaxy is one that does not form stars.
from Dark Matter News -- ScienceDaily

गरीबी से देश का बुरा हाल,BJP कह रही है चल रहा है अमृत काल

बदहाली से गुजरता देश 

एक तरफ भुँख्मरी सूचकांक में  जहाँ भारत  94 स्थान पर है वहीँ हमसे अपेक्षा कृत कमजोर अर्थव्यवस्था वाले देश  नेपाल 73 वे ,बांग्लादेश 85  ,पाकिस्तान 88 वे पायदान पे हैं । 

परिस्थिति कितनी भयावह है  ? देश भुँख्मरी  ,बेरोजगारी ,आर्थिक मंदी ,महगाई  से गुजर रहा है।  वैश्विक महामारी  इसका एक प्रमुख कारण तो है ही लेकिन सरकार  इससे निपटने के सार्थक उपाय करने के वजय अपने फिक्स राजनैतिक अजेंडे पर ही  चल रही है .

 धर्म - राजनीति  की सांठगांठ ऐतिहासिक परिदृश्य की कालिमा वर्तमान में पोतना ,चुनावी मुद्दों के जिन्न खोद कर बाहर निकालना, मोह भंग जनता पर एक तरह से निस्तेजाक औषधि  का प्रयोग  है। लेकिन सवाल यथावत है,  इस तरह की विघटनकारी नीतियों से देश पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ेगा ? आपके कृत्य  इर्षा द्वेष पैदा करने वाले हैं। इतिहास आप का द्वेष पूर्ण है। सुधार का विषय हो सकता है।

किन्तु  आप का लक्ष्य अपने वर्तमान को सुधारते  हुए भविष्य की ओर लेजाना जो वैश्विक मानक पर विकशित  देशो  से प्रतिस्पर्धा कर सके होना चाहिए ।

 यह तभी संभव है जब आपकी कथनी और करनी में अंतर न हो। जो आपके साथ नहीं हैं  ,वे आपके विपक्षी  हो सकते है किन्तु यह सुनिश्चित करें वह देश के शत्रु न हों।

  आप जिसे अल्पसंख्यक  मानते हैं वह बहुसंख्यक आबादी के अनुपात में अल्पसंख्यक हो सकते  हैं। किन्तु वैश्विक परिदृश्य में  25 से 30 करोड़ की आबादी दुनिया के कई विकशित देशो की आबादी को मिलाकर भी ज्यादा है। देश की इतनी बड़ी जनसंख्या नकारात्मकता के संचार से  देश के विकाश में बाधक न हो ,सरकार को सुनिश्चित करना होगा ।

 सामंतवादी व्यवस्था और लोकतंत्र में फिर क्या अंतर रह जाता है। मानवीय क्रूरता की  भीषणता  यही कहती है ,वह जो कहती  है ;वही सही है ,लोग उसी का अनुसरण करे  किन्तु धर्म आपकी  निज -आस्था का प्रश्न है ,जिसका उत्तर आपको स्वयं से  प्राप्त करना चाहिए ,जरुरी नहीं आप  की जिस धर्म या व्यक्ति में आस्था है। उसी धर्म को मानने वाले  अन्य व्यक्ति के आस्था में समानता हो ,एक ही परिवार में रहते हुए अपने अन्य परिवार जन में अलग अलग व्याख्या हो सकती है। 

धार्मिक - कट्टरता का भीषण परिणाम दुनिया के समक्ष है जो हिंसा त्यागने पर विवस करती  करती है ,

अहिंसा के पथ पर चले स्पष्ट संकेत है । धर्म की सार्थकता जनसँख्या वृद्धि  से नहीं अपितु बेहतर जीवन शैली  से है। जीवन का  उद्देश्य गतिशीलता है  जो कार्य करें अपने कर्तव्य का निर्वहन ईमानदारी से करे।  किसी के द्वारा किसी को किसी भी प्रकार की कष्ट और पीड़ा हो वह सर्वथा अनुचित है ।

 इसका कारण जीवन के आधार में स्थिरता का होना। हर व्यक्ति का देश की प्रगति में  सकारात्मक योगदान हो यह सुनिश्चित करे। 

 

आदर्श प्रकृति है जो समय और परिस्थिति के अनुसार आदर्श का चुनाव करती है ,समर्थ और सार्थकता प्रदान करती है समय के साथ उसे तिरोहित ,नवीनता और बदलाव लाती है।

आप के समक्ष सवाल आदर्श के चुनाव का नहीं  स्वयं के भीतर स्वयं को पहचानने की है, आदर्श स्वरुप प्रकृति को बाहर लाने की है ,यही आपके जीवन की पराकष्ठा ,आदर्श चुनौती है,जिसे सहर्ष मन से स्वीकार कर  सकारात्मक  बदलाव की ओर  बढ़ना चाहिए ।

अमेरिका 19 सदी से ही विज्ञान और तकनीकी छेत्र में दुनिया में अग्रणी रहा है,खोज और नवाचार  (Research & Development ) हर अमेरिकी के सायकी (Psychology ) का हिस्सा है। विज्ञान वो  टूल है जो जीवन को बेहतर और उन्नत बनता है ,जीवन के हर पहलु में  उसे शामिल करना , प्रयोग के प्रति सजग, सचेत रहना ,विज्ञान में छोटा सा बदलाव  व्यापक वैश्विक परिवर्तन लासकता है । विकाशवाद का अर्थ मूल्ल्यहीन जीवन नहीं होना ,अपितु जीवन को सार्थक बदलाव की ओर ले जाना होना चाहिए।

विज्ञान से भयावह परिणाम की आशंका को यदि  दरकिनार कर दे ,अतीत की कलुषता,व्याधि का उपचार होसकता है ,जो सुखद भविष्य की ओर लेजाने वाला है। यह आप पर निर्भर है ,समय की गतिशीलता में स्वयं को कैसे ढालते है।

~धर्मेंद्र मिश्रा 

Latest bhole nath Bhajan "बमभोले बोल "

 भक्ति-सक्ति से  ओत -प्रोत  सावन के इस पवन महीने में  अम्बे भक्ति  के माध्यम से भाव विभोर करने वाला  भजन  है "बमभोले बोल "

जिसे स्वर दिया है ,कुमार रौशन ,दीपक चौबे। संगीत बद्ध किया है ,मुकेश कुमार। लिखा है ,धर्मेंद्र मिश्रा। 

मैंने और मुकेश ने इस गीत के निर्माण में कुछ अलग प्रयोग ,समर्पण भाव के साथ मेहनत की , आशा है आपको पसंद आएगा , ज्यादा से ज्यादा अपने सभी मित्र परिचित तक पहुंचाए इसी अपेछा के साथ । 

तेज गती का संगीत है हैडफ़ोन लगाकर सुने,  अच्छा महसूस करेंगे।

Latestbhajan bambholebol  Ambeybhakti Videosong videobhajan bhaktibhajan 

Dark Matter News -- ScienceDaily

How do supermassive black holes in the early universe originate? A team led by a theoretical physicist has come up with an explanation: a massive seed black hole that the collapse of a dark matter halo could produce.
from Dark Matter News -- ScienceDaily

नेता जी न 3 में न 13 में'

 

Short Hindi Story...

                            ' नेता जी न 3 में न 13 में'

दामोदर दास जी दिल्ली  के एक बड़े ही प्रसिद्ध व्यवसायी ,कुसल राजनीतिज्ञ थे।लोग प्यार से उन्हें नेता जी कहते  दौलत सोहरत की कोई कमी न थी ,दर्जनों नौकर चाकर ,गाड़ी बग्ला ... स्वभाव से भी बड़े ही रंगीन मिज़ाजी इंसान थे , उनकी बस यही एक कमजोरी कहे या शगल था।

 सारा धन ,अय्यासी ,औरतो के पीछे लुटा देते। सुन्दर लड़की देखी नहीं की मोम की तरह पिघल जाते । 

पार्टिया करते ,सभा -समरोह करते , पार्टी के प्रचार -प्रसार में  नाचने -गाने वालो को बुलाते ,कुलमिलाकर खूब मज़े लेते। 

एक बार किसी ऐसे ही समारोह के दौरान ,उनकी नज़र सपना नाम की एक हूर की बाला ,नर्तकी पर पड़ी ,वह अपने नाम की तरह ही वह स्वप्न सुंदरी थी। जिसकी भी नज़र एक बार पड़ जाये ,हटाए नहीं हटती ,दिल समझाए नहीं समझता। 

सपना उस समारोह की खास आकसर्ण  की केंद्र थी ,सभी गिद्ध के सामान  उसके इर्द -गिर्द मडराने  लगे। 

नेता जी अपने कुछ खास मित्र मंडली के साथ वार्ता -लाप में व्यस्त थे। अचानक से सपना वहाँ पहुँच गई। मधुर कोयल सी कूकती हुई "एक्सक्यूज़ मी ?"

 नेता जी जैसे ही पीछे पलटे ,उनकी आंखे चौधिया गई ,मुँह से कुछ बोल न आया ,बस दिल जोर -जोर से धड़के   जा रहा था।  चेतना में वापिस आते हुए " अहा ! काश  ये समां यही ठहर जाये ? "

सपना चपलता से अपनी कनखियाँ उमड़ते हुए " भला ऐसा क्यों ?

नेता जी बड़ी ही चतुराई से मुस्कुराते हुए " साम तो साम ही थी मगर पहले कभी योँ रंगीन न थी। "

सपना जोर जोर से खिलखिला कर हंस पड़ी " नेता जी बाते बनाना कोई आपसे सीखे। "

नेता जी नहले पे दहला मरते हुए " हमने कब मन किया ,बस आप हमें सेवा का अवसर दे ...हम आप को भी बना देंगे?"

सपना इतने सारे लोगो को अपने आस पास जमा देख झेप सी गई ,वहाँ से जाना ही उचित समझा। 

सपना वहाँ से चली  तो गई किन्तु उसकी सुंदरता नेता जी के दिल में घर कर गई ,सोते -जागते उठते बैठते  उसके ही ख्यालो में खोये रहते। 

सपना से मिलने के तरह -तरह के बहाने ढूढ़ते ,सपना भी उनके पैसो की ताकत के आगे झुक गई ,धीरे -धीरे प्रेम प्रसंग बढ़ने लगा ,पैसा पानी की तरह बहने लगा ,नेता जी महगे से महगा उपहार जब भी मिलते देते।

 

सपना ने नेता  जी को पूरी तरह से अपने प्रेम -पाँस में जकड लिया था ,सपना के लिए अब वो एटीएम मशीन की तरह थे। 

सपना का जन्म दिन निकट था , नेता जी को सरप्राइज देने की सोची ,सोचा देखूं इन्हे मेरा जन्म दिन याद रहता है की नहीं पूर्ववर्त कोई सुचना नहीं दी।  

नेता जी भी मझे हुए खिलाडी थे ,उन्होंने भी सपना को सरप्राइज देने केलिए ख़ास तैयारी कर रखी थी ,जन्म दिन के दिन सुबह ही सुबह अपने खास सहायक को एक महगी सी गाड़ी खरीद कर गिफ्ट देने  भेज दिया। 

सहायक सपना के घर पहुँच कर डोर बेल बजता है । सपना पूरी तरह सी नींद सी जगी भी नहीं थी ,ऊंघते हुए दरवाजा खोलती है " जी कहिये ?"

सहायक " मैडम ,सर ने आपके लिए ये कार भेजी है। "

सपना  ,खुशी सी उछलते हुए "  वाओ ! फिर अचानक से झेपते हुए ,दबे स्वर में "सर मीन्स ?'

सहायक " वही जिनसे आप सर्वाधिक प्रेम करती है। "

सपना ने 3 नाम गिना दिए,ये ,वो ,फलाना ,सहायक न में सर हिलाते हुए। 

सपना की भी मति मारी गई ,उसका ध्यान उस महगी गाड़ी की तरफ था ,किसी कदर उसके हाँथ लग जाये ।  आनन फानन में जल्दी -जल्दी 13 नाम गिना दिए। 

सहायक ,दामोदर दास जी का नमक खाया था ,उसे कुछ ठीक नहीं लगा ,सो उसने बिना कुछ बोले ,गाड़ी लेकर घर आगया। 

नेता जी को गाड़ी की चाभी पकड़ाते हुए " सर आप न 3 में है न 13 में है। " 

....................................................

Story by Dharmendra Mishra

story, hindi story, satire ,comic, funny, story  

for read more click ...www.dharmendramishra.com

what is entropy ?

why energy flows in certain directions and in certain ways  ?

a lot of  the concepts described by thermodynamics seem like common sense but there 

 we won't get into the math but we should be able to describe these laws conceptually the first law described in the most basic way highlights conservation of energy .

 

it is not created or destroyed it only changes forms from potential energy to kinetic energy to heat energy etc.

 while we have found this to be untrue on the quantum level for chemists it does just fine however there seems to be a preferred direction in which energy flows from one form to another.

 in order to understand why we look at the second law the second law introduces a new easily describe entropy as disorder and the second law states that the sum of the entropy of a system and its surroundings must always increase in ,other words the entropy .

 

within a system there is also a tendency to go towards higher entropy the classic analogy is that your bedroom will over time become messy but it won't suddenly become neat.

 another way to look at this is to say that entropy is a measure of how dispersed the energy of the system is amongst the ways that system .

 an ionic solid compared to the same substance as a liquid clearly the solid state is more ordered and the liquid state is more disordered or higher in entropy to describe the solid state using computer.

 

the liquid state you would need to simply describe the volume of liquid and the shape of the vessel because the motion and configuration of the molecules are random that's far less information that needs encoding which is a way of rationalizing why increasing the entropy of a system is thermodynamic ally .

 

entropy influence heat will flow from a hot coffee cup into the table or your hand because the heat energy will be more disordered if more dispersed this is why heat spontaneously flows from hot to cold and not the other way around

entropy the third law states that are perfectly crystalline solid at Absolute Zero has an entropy of zero as this is the most ordered state the substance can be in entropy is measured in joules per Kelvin note .

that entropy is not a measure of energy itself but of how energy is distributed within a system it is enthrall the thermodynamic quantity we learned about before that is more accurately describing the energy of a system as we will see enthrall and entropy intricately relate to tell us something about the Gibbs free energy of a system .

 

whether a process will be spontaneous or not meaning if it will simply happen on its own change in Gibbs free energy is given by this equation which includes change in enthalpy change in entropy and  temperature if Delta G is negative the process is spontaneous if positive it is non spontaneous .

 

favorable and delta s is positive which means an increase in entropy which is also favorable a negative minus a positive will always be negative or spontaneous.

 

two is favorable we have to do some math if Delta H is positive or endothermic that energetic unavailability could be outweighed by the other term if the process is en tropically favorable and  since T is here this factor will increase with a larger T so  tropically favorable processes are more likely to be spontaneous at higher temperatures conversely.

 if it is energetically favorable but en tropically unfavorable the entropy unavailability will be minimized at lower temperatures this is a very important equation to understand because it describes all of the spontaneous processes in the universe.

 

there are those who incorrectly use entropy and the second law of thermodynamics to imply that order can't happen spontaneously .

they are miscible with polar water molecules but soap molecules have polar heads and long non polar tails which allows them to spontaneously form structures called micelles .

these are spheres where the soap molecules orient themselves with the polar heads facing out in order to maximize ion dipole.

 interactions with water molecules that bring the system to a lower energy and the non polar tails will all face in trapping the dirt by making a network  interactions the dirt trapped in the my cells washes away because the micelle as a whole is water-soluble .

due to the polar heads facing out that's how soap works and that's also how highly ordered structures can form spontaneously if by enthalpically favorable or energy storing processes in this way systems can defy entropy on the small scale.

 

the second law does hold true in that the entropy of the universe is always increasing let's check comprehension

…………………………………………..

 entropy is often described as a  measurement of disorder that's a convenient image but it's unfortunately misleading for example which is more disordered a cup of crushed ice or a glass of room-temperature.

 

another way of thinking about it through probability this may be trickier to understand but take the time to internalize it and you'll have a much better understanding of entropy consider two small solids which are comprised of six atomic bonds each in this model .

 

it is  turns out that there are numerous ways that the energy can be distributed like

 two solids and still have the same total energy in each each of these options is called a micro state for 6 quanta of energy in solid a and 2 in solid B there are 9702 micro states of course .

there are other ways our eight quanta of energy can be arranged for example all of the energy could be in solid a and none in B or half in a and half in B if we assume that each micro state is equally likely we can see that some of the energy configurations have a higher probability of occurring than others that's due to their greater number of micro states.

 entropy is a direct measure of each energy configurations probability what we see is that the energy configuration in which the energy is most spread out between the solids has the highest entropy .

so in a general sense entropy can be thought of as a measurement of this energy spread low entropy means the energy is concentrated.

 

high entropy means it's spread out to see why entropy is useful for explaining spontaneous processes like hot objects cooling down we need to look at a dynamic system where the energy moves in reality .

energy doesn't stay put it continuously moves between neighboring bonds as the energy moves the energy configuration can change because of the distribution of micro states.

 there's a 21% chance that the system will later be in the configuration in which the energy is maximally spread out there's a 13% chance that it will return to its starting point and an 8% chance.

 that a will actually gain energy again we see that because there are more ways to have dispersed energy and high entropy than concentrated energy .

the energy tends to spread out that's why if you put a hot object next to a cold one the cold one

 will warm up and the hot one will cool down but even in that example…

 there is an 8% chance that the hot object would get hotter why doesn't this ever happen in real life it's all about the size of

 

the system our hypothetical solids only had six bonds each let's scale the solids up to 6,000 bonds and 8,000 units of energy and again start the system with three-quarters of the energy .

 

there's no mysterious force nudging the system towards higher entropy it's just that higher entropy is always statistically more likely that's why entropy has been called times arrow if energy has the opportunity to spread out.

 

 

quantum field theory'Higgs Boson'

 

"Quantum field theory " it also called classical quantum field theory"

 describing how the electromagnetic field at large distances acts on a hypothetical particle or a field…

 

If "p" is some small positive constant then "p", like all other integer or real numbers, must have a natural unit of measure, such as the pico-meter or quanta…

 

It follows that for any 2D sphere in 3D with two degrees of radius “R” and the center at coordinates a[i, j] R  = 0 and b[i, j] R  = 1 …

 we have the following alternative model that proposes the origin of the Higgs Boson (the particle responsible for the production of Z bosons) as the result of perturbation of the symmetry which consists of a single charged particle, i.e. one with charge i…

 This model is called the “weak model” because it generates a number of particles leptons and muons…

 that do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, and so cause fluctuations in the macroscopic world…

 

 The existence of the Higgs Boson at its charge “I” is the crucial ingredient for our full understanding of the electro-weak theory, so it is that this particle is actually the one discovered…

 

With the development of electro-weak theory there is evidence that the energy scale of these fluctuations is on the order of  10 GeV, which at the energy of the synchrotron beam in the Large Hadron Collider(LHC) has lead to some doubt that the only thing generating the fluctuations is ELECTRO-WEAK MAGNETISM.

 

There is  fluctuations come from a cosmological solution of a hierarchy of super symmetric particles. However, the existence of that theory is not yet proven, and a number of other candidates have been proposed.

 

The above model defines the electron field, which can be described with the following equation…

 

The “PLANCK ENERGY” is around So, for "p" = 1/2.000 = 0.02 (the value of "p" that would correspond to such a configuration of matter), the energy per unit charge …

 

So, the energy of a proton of charge” I” at rest  is an approximation that is rarely used, because the proton’s electric charge varies from charge “I” to  high-energy proton charge.

 

Most of the time when physicists use the expression above, they find mean energy of an electron-positron pair.

 

 The pair state is sometimes also called a pion, which is similar to the lepton. Here, we introduce the particle called a positron, which is identical in mass and charge to an electron, but is heavier by about 1000 times.

 

The usual expression of an electron-positron pair (i.e. in which we treat electrons as mass less particles) is Here,” ζ” is the electron wave function, which can be written as either

 

Or Then... it follows that for the proton- collision to create a Higgs particle, there must be an energy imbalance…

 that is where the correction “δ” has to be made to account for the proton’s charge and the fact that it is mass less. The number “ ϕ” must be higher than 1/2 because the particle is bound by the electro-weak symmetry, and can not move freely.

 

The electro-weak theory of strong force (which makes up the other part of the gauge symmetry) is, similarly, fundamentally different from electro-weak theory, but can be described with the same unitary formalism. Here, the constants "E", "E", "E", "e", "e", "e", "e", "e" are used, and they correspond to

 

the “PAULI INTRECTION” (particles have an intrinsic momentum p p p p p p p p p p ),

 

the W or weak interaction (particles have an intrinsic momentum w w w w w w w w w w w ),

 

the  muon decay (particles have an intrinsic momentum μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ ),

 

the bottom or neutrino interaction (particles have an intrinsic momentum n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n ), and

 

the photon interaction (particles have an intrinsic momentum p p p p p p p p p p p p p ).

 

 

How Supernova work ?

                          " Supernova a giant of universe "

 Somewhere in the universe a giant star is detonating creating a huge cosmic explosion called a  supernova, which are a big giant dramatic end to a star's life out with a bang called supernova …

 

we think it has to be at least eight times more massive than our Sun it's so easy to think of our Sun as this incredibly gigantic thing but our Sun is absolutely tiny compared to some of the giant stars in the sky …

we can see some of these giant stars with the naked eye and the tenth brightest in the night sky is a red super giant around fifteen times the mass of the Sun  is so big that if you're at a place in our own solar system it would stretch to the orbit of Jupiter ...

this is one of the biggest beasts in the galaxy on the verge of death Betelgeuse is less than 10 million years old but this huge stars days are numbered it's ready to blow and when it happen we can see the region behind sky brighten for 14 days, until it's nearly as bright as a full moon it is going to be one of the most spectacular shows in history …

  it could happen at any moment I mean this is the thing I often stand outside in my yard  look up at Orion and I see Betelgeuse…

 I'd like explode so what will make beetle juice goes supernova to understand a giant stars death we need to understand its life from the origin until the day it dies a star's life was a constant battle gravity is pulling in and energy pushing out the interior of a star is fusing countless atomic nuclei together atoms are ramming into each other getting very close if they get close enough…

 they'll actually stick and form a Giant bigger and every atom star fuses seventh and a half billion tons of hydrogen that amount of energy is roughly equivalent to about 100 billion atomic bombs per second that's a big-ass explosion this explosive energy threatens to blow the star apart but the stars own massive gravity keeps the lid on everything in the universe is a fight between the inward force of gravity and the outward force of pressure or energy…

 every single star in the sky even our own Sun is an incredibly dynamic battle ground in many ways stars are an explosion ,that are actually too big to explode gravity holds it together …

this battle between these two opposing forces determines the life and death of the star and this is where size matters the more massive the star the more gravity pushes inward and the harder the star has to push outwards to keep itself alive…

 very massive stars are like stars on steroids they have a lot of fuel to burn they're so powerful that they use up their fuel at a rapid rate massive stars like Betelgeuse are giant factories fusing lighter elements into heavier ones but the hard work doesn't start until their final years for around 90% of their life…

 they fuse hydrogen into helium but eventually the hydrogen starts running out in the core of a super giant star there's a sequence of fusion that goes from lighter elements to heavier elements and it gets faster and faster every step of the way the countdown to death…

 begins the inward push from gravity takes over raising the temperature in the core helium starts fusing into carbon there's enough helium to last about a million years but things start speeding up carbon gets fused into neon and that takes about a thousand years neon fusing into silicon, that takes about one year once it starts fusing silicon and iron that takes one day it gets more and more frantic …

  like a cooking contest show where as the clock is running down they're trying to do more and more things and they get more and more frantic until time's up the star is now in its death throes once iron production has started the clock is ticking towards the cataclysmic end of this star a giant ball of incredibly dense iron forms in the middle of the dying stars …

core of iron sphere is several thousand miles across and unbelievably hot it gets so  there the temperature almost becomes meaningless...

  we're talking about a billion degrees in the center of one of these stars this extreme heat is caused by fusion reactions more and more reactions create heavier and heavier elements and with each step less and less energy is produced until iron is created when it fuse iron nuclei together that takes energy …

it doesn't generate energy so once the core starts to fuse iron its basically stealing its own energy the growing iron core sucks more and more energy from the star gravity continues pulling in overwhelming …

the outward pressure from inside the star everything gets crushed to unimaginable degrees all of a sudden there's no nuclear reaction to support the star against the crush of gravity with nothing left holding it up the star is doomed gravity wins the edges of the iron core collapse trillions of tons of dense …

iron fall behind at a quarter of the speed of light the star has now less than one second left to live things start to fall apart really quickly the core collapse is so fast that the outer layers of the star don't even have time to react …

they're just hanging there it's kind of like wily coyote when a cliff collapses underneath them and he doesn't even fall until he notices the rest of the star collapses a trillion tons of gas curdled inwards …

following the iron think about the entire mass of a star that has been held up by nuclear reactions inside all of a sudden those nuclear reactions go away in a split second everything rushes into the middle and that sets off the most dramatic explosion in the universe…

 the spectacular deathblow can outshine all of the stars in the galaxy but there's a problem we still don't fully understand how a collapsing ball of iron and tons of falling gas create a giant fireball how this collapsing core triggers a massive explosion is one of the biggest mysteries in astrophysics.

what is Biggest Science unsolved mystery ?

 Black Hole Phenomenon :

 

 In general black hole could be a circular hole, something like a fence, or a trench, with people behind a fence, waiting to jump on you when you are in the trench. If you get too close to the fence, or the trench, you will be caught and taken away by the fence people.

Similarly, theorists found in the 1990's that if the universe was dominated by gravity, then so too would its internal structure be gravitationally dominated.

 

These theories of singularity grew out of the study of black holes, which behave entirely differently from black holes in our universe, where there is nothing left of the matter that did not form the hole.

 

These black holes are surrounded by a thin, spherical shell of matter that is completely black; in our universe, however, the matter that formed the hole has slipped through, leaving nothing there.

 

Some theorists argue that if black holes exist in the universe, then the theory of gravity does, too, and our theories might not be able to describe gravity accurately.

 

If black holes exist, they might also be found; a relatively small hole near the galaxy NGC 4542 could be the theoretical model for the black hole's companion.

 

they might also be called neutron stars, a neutron being an atomic nucleus with a small fraction of an electron.

 

Interestingly, this same basic theory could also explain holes in the magnetic realm – in fact, as recently as 2013, a black hole has been found in the center of our own galaxy.

 

Scientists found the star's spin and orbit using pulsar surveys.Further, the black hole is relatively small: a bit bigger than a black hole in our own universe.

 

Other examples of unusual objects of the extraordinary nature of black holes are the stellar quasars.These are active star clusters that are lit by energy coming from collapsing black holes.

 

For instance, the brightest quasar in our universe, called D3700, is a single star that is starting to disintegrate into a black hole. The gravity of this object is so strong, that it creates a pulsar at its center; this is the only pulsar in the galaxy in which we have seen, and it shines brightly with electromagnetic energy from the rotation.

 

The pulsar shines with energy from the decay of carbon and oxygen gas, which was once part of the original star.

 

Eventually, the pulsar spins so fast that energy levels within it reach some kind of critical level, turning the pulsar into a black hole.

 

One way to describe this process is to imagine a disc of material circling a black hole.

 

Since this material contains matter that used to be part of the black hole, the density at its center will be higher than that of the surrounding material.

 

As this material spins faster, the rate of energy loss increases. Eventually, this material would be drawn into the black hole.

 

But in the case of pulsars, the black hole cannot have previously existed, so the pulsar simply escapes.

 

As the black hole spins, it traps particles within the boundary between the inner and outer regions.

 

In particular, the quasar contains a cavity at the center; the particles emitted from the pulsar orbit through the circular hole and then pass back and forth.

 

Eventually  raises the energy level inside the cavity, and the electrons begin to flow in a circle, emitting magnetic radiation, producing an output wave in the electromagnetic energy spectrum.

 

As we have seen, black holes are not the only objects that can create holes in space – it is also possible to create holes in the human body through the process of black hole phrenology.

 However, the most realistic theory is that of the black hole. In our universe, these objects would have an estimated mass similar to that of the sun, but be transparent to light.They would also be extremely powerful, sucking in matter at a remarkably high rate.

 

Depending on their size, black holes could only occupy a small part of the universe. If there were two black holes – one about the size of the sun, and another about twice its size –The Sun is a light bulb that is kept burning and heat produced by nuclear fusion at its core, which is a mixture of hydrogen and helium. Although the Sun is small, the magnetic field created by its radiation pressure can create a large, gas-filled torus around it that may be up to 25,000 km in diameter and about 1000 km in radius. Such a torus would reach through Earth's crust to the center of the Sun, if the Sun and the Earth were separated by just a couple of kilometres .

 The hot gas is composed of highly electrically charged atomic nuclei. The magnetism from this magnetic field allows these atoms to attract one another without any friction, because the electric charges inside the atom repel each other.

 The atoms can be either positively or negatively charged. There is one atom for each electric charge, with positive and negative charges being measured in micrograms (Mg2), and positive and negative charges increasing in intensity for ions that are larger. Therefore, magnetic fields can be created by charged atomic nuclei.

quantum entanglement & schrödinger's cat experiment

 

 quantum entanglement:

Before we go in-depth in general we have to know about exactly what the quantum entanglement stand for ,the concept says that ,in most basic level all particle connect or co- relate with each other ,but how it’s not possible reach any sharp conclusion .

lots n lots of assumption and  ways of describing entanglement, and there is no single definition that is universally accepted.

 But most people agree that entanglement is a unique state of consciousness, the sensation of sharing one experience with another person,And in a sense, each physical system is a local pair of entangled systems; we can associate two local variables of one system by giving them to one of the other.

In this interpretation, then, we use the term “entangled” to describe the unique way in which these two systems can be related.

For an example :quantum entanglement between two masses, A and B, do they remain distinct in terms of their physical properties mass and position ,In other words, what are the physical relationships between A and B that relate their states to each other, and hence make them different in some way? And what are the effects of changing the correlations between the states of “A” and “B” in a quantum computer…

 

quantum entanglement : term for what I’ve been calling open energy...

 

So, to get an explanation of this, I’ll be using the following abstracted definition: open energy is the amount of energy available for converting things to photons.

 

I have been calling this measure, also known as the efficient scale of open energy, the disorganized-unity, because to understand this, we need to know how to measure and calculate this. This way, we can compare photons to particles in the same way that we compare electric charges to magnetism and so on.

 

To measure open energy, we start by combining all the different measurements of photons—orbital angular momentum ,spatial coherence, temporal coherence, phase coherence, and so on…into one linear sum that tells us the energy of a particular photon.

 

A photon  then, is the sum of all the “energy states” of the quantum of a particular photon. And these states can be combined to define a larger number that tells us the actual energy of the photon. In fact, the change in energy in this calculation free orbital angular momentum, is the rest mass of the photon, is the energy of the photon, is the total angular momentum for all the other photon.

  photon was first emitted by the atom, and is the total amount of rest mass plus time that the photon has existed since its initial emission.

...

 

 schrödinger's cat experiment:

 

consider throwing a ball straight into the air can we  predict the motion of  the ball after it leaves our hand sure that's easy the ball will move upward until it gets to some highest point then
it'll come back down and land in your hand again of course that's what happens
and we know this because you have witnessed events like this countless times we've been observing it everyday phenomena of our  entire life.

the physics of the macroscopic objects we see around all the time  everyday world we know and love behaves according to the laws of classical mechanics but systems on the scale of
 according to the principle of quantum theory this quantum world.

turns out to be a really strange place an illustration of quantum strangeness is
given by a famous thought experiment Schrodinger's cat a physicist  put a
cat during a box along side a bomb that has a 50% chance of berating after the lid is closed until we reopen the lid there is  no way of knowing either  the cat is alive or dead .

 we would say this before our observation the cat was in a superposition state it was neither alive nor dead , during a mix of both possibilities with a 50% chance for each the same sort of thing happens .

 physical systems at quantum scales like n electron orbiting in a hydrogen atom
the electron isn't really orbiting at all its sort of everywhere in space all at once with more of a probability of being at some places than others and it's only after we measure its position
that we will pinpoint where it's at that the moment a lot like how we didn't know whether the cat was alive or dead until we open the box this brings us to the strange and beautiful phenomenon of quantum entanglement suppose that instead of one cat during a box, we've two cats in two different boxes if we repeat the schrödinger's cat experiment with the experiment can be one of four possibilities ,either both cats will be alive or both are going to be dead or one will be alive and the other dead or vice versa .

the system of both cats is again during a superposition state with each outcome having a 25% chance rather than 50% but here's the cool thing quantum mechanics tells us it's possible to erase both cats alive and both cat's dead outcomes from the superposition state.

 in other words there can be a two cat system such t outcome will always be one cat alive and the other cat dead the technical term for this is often that the states of the cats,
are entangled but there's something truly mind-blowing about quantum entanglement,
 system of two cats in boxes in this entangled position then we  move the boxes to opposite ends of the, universe the result of the experiment will  always be the same.